A team led by physicists at the Science and Technology Facilities Council
(STFC) and Brookhaven National
Laboratory (BNL) have resolved a decade-long puzzle that is set to have
huge implications for use of one of the most versatile classes of materials
available to us for future technology applications: copper oxide ceramics. The
results are published online this week in the journal Nature Physics.
Physicist Igor Zaliznyak
Professor Toby Perring, using the ISIS neutron source at the STFC’s
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Dr Igor Zaliznyak from BNL have been studying
the properties of copper oxide ceramics, some of the most puzzling materials
ever made that serve as a grueling testing ground to our basic understanding
of physics.
Comparing experimental data with predictions from exact theories and first
principle calculations is one of the major parts of any scientific method, allowing
scientists to make sure they have a full grasp of the basic principles at work
and to study if there are gaps in our understanding. However for copper oxide
ceramics, long-standing discrepancies between experiment and calculation have
made it difficult to robustly identify the most promising explanations of their
physical properties. Many of the copper oxide ceramics are electrically superconducting
(a phenomenon occurring in certain materials that happens generally at very
low temperatures characterised by exactly zero electrical resistance and the
exclusion of the interior magnetic field) and also have unusual magnetic properties.
“When making comparisons between experiment and calculation, we, and
others, were often finding discrepancies that were then being explained away
as systematic errors, imperfections in the samples, or other effects,”
said Professor Perring. “But there are only so many times you can ignore
these factors before you have to work out why they are there. The answer in
the end was as straightforward as making sure to include all the physics”.
Calculations previously had been based on copper atoms being isolated; the
correct shape of the magnetism of copper atoms when part of a covalent bond
(a form of chemical bonding that is characterised by the sharing of pairs of
electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds) had not
been taken into account.
Copper-oxygen-copper bonds are a common feature of the copper oxide ceramic
family, with the atomic level magnetism arising from the arrangement of electrons
on each copper atom. Their bonding causes the spin distribution of the electrons
to be changed quite dramatically from what would be found on a single isolated
copper atom.
Dr Zaliznyak from BNL said; “Normally to keep things simple, to describe
the magnetism of the copper atoms, people tend to use a spin distribution based
on isolated copper atoms. But in reality, the spin density must be spread out
along the strong copper-oxygen covalent bonds that are part of the structure
of the material and which are responsible for the remarkable magnetic properties
in the first place.
“Once colleagues at Brookhaven had correctly calculated the real magnetic
form factor for the copper atoms in this material, we found that we could get
the exact match between the calculations from Jean Sebastien Caux and our neutron
scattering data”.
Now the team has shown how to correctly compare theoretical models to experimental
data, they are hoping that the hunt for the answer to high-temperature superconductivity
in the cuprate materials can be reached more quickly.
It is widely believed that the magnetism of the copper atoms, which as this
study shows is that of copper-oxygen covalent complexes, plays a vital role
in superconductivity.
“Whilst we cannot sort out the differences for everyone, we think they
should apply our method to their own situation. This could be a great help in
narrowing down the range of possible explanations for high-temperature superconductivity”,
said Perring.