Scientists and engineers at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory are now developing the electronics for a third-generation
artificial retina as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) project to
produce an "epiretinal prosthesis" that could restore vision to millions of
people around the world suffering from eye diseases.
Artificial retina team member Terri Delima holds a thin-film artificial retina array in the LLNL cleanroom.
R&D Magazine chose the second generation artificial retina, Argus II, for
a 2009 R&D 100 Award. R&D Magazine issues the R&D 100 Awards, also
called the "Oscars of invention," every year for the most innovative
technologies in science. The Lawrence Livermore team received the award in November
2009.
The Lawrence Livermore team also was chosen as the R&D100 Editor's
Choice as one of the most ground breaking technologies.
The DOE artificial retina project brings together five national labs, four
universities and a private company, with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
serving as the lead organization for the implantable artificial retinal system.
Researchers at Lawrence Livermore are today using advanced polymer-based micro-fabrication
methods to further develop a biocompatible microelectrode array for the third-generation
artificial retina device.
The LLNL team contributes three major components to the artificial retina:
the thin-film electrode array that contains the neural electrodes; the biocompatible
electronics package that contains the electronics for stimulating the retina
and wireless power and communications; and an ocular surgical tool that will
enable the insertion, attachment, and re-insertion of the thin-film electrode
array.
In addition, Lawrence Livermore is responsible for the system integration and
assembly of these components and fabrication of the complete implantable artificial
retina system.
"This project is a fine example of what multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional
science teams can accomplish to address a major global health problem,"
said principal investigator Satinderpall Pannu, leader of the Livermore group.
"We're very proud of the expanded role we at Livermore are playing
in the development of this retinal prosthesis, which has the potential to improve
the quality of life for so many people around the world."
An artificial retina or "epiretinal prosthesis" has the potential
to restore vision to millions of people suffering from eye diseases such as
retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration or those who are legally blind due
to the loss of photoreceptor function. In many cases, the neural cells to which
the photoreceptors are connected remain functional.
Dr. Mark Humayun, of the University of Southern California's Doheny Eye
Institute, demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the viable retinal cells
can result in visual perception. These findings have sparked a worldwide effort
to develop a retinal prosthesis device.
The R&D 100 Award has been given to the second-generation retinal prosthesis,
which has been implanted in some 34 patients in the United States and Europe
as part of clinical trials. The second-generation device represents a substantial
performance improvement over the first-generation device in speed of recognition
and resolution. Objects can now be recognized within 2-3 seconds instead of
the previous 15, and the device's 60 electrodes have improved image resolution
over the 16-electrode prosthesis.
The prosthesis is now of sufficient resolution to allow recognition of doors,
windows, edges, low-lying branches and a basketball backboard. The goal of the
DOE project is to produce a prosthesis with more than 1,000 electrodes, which
would allow facial recognition.
Expertise in biomedical microsystems at Lawrence Livermore's Center for
Nano- and Microtechnology was tapped to develop a "flexible microelectrode
array," able to conform to the curved shape of the retina, without damaging
the delicate retinal tissue, and to integrate electronics developed by University
of California at Santa Cruz. The device serves as the interface between an electronic
imaging system and the human eye, directly stimulating neurons via thin film
conducting traces and electroplated electrodes.
The artificial retina team was established through a Department of Energy-sponsored
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) in 2004..
The five national laboratories are: Argonne, Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos,
Oak Ridge, and Sandia national laboratories. The four universities are USC (Doheny
Eye Institute), California Institute of Technology, North Carolina State University,
and the University of California at Santa Cruz; and the industrial partner is
Second Sight® Medical Products Inc., the group responsible for commercializing
the product and conducting clinical trials.