Posted in | News | Nanomagnetics

Magnetic Charge Crystallization Directly Visualized in Artificial Spin Ice Material

A team of scientists, led by University of Illinois physicist Peter Schiffer, has reported direct visualization of magnetic charge crystallization in an artificial spin ice material, a first in the study of a relatively new class of frustrated artificial magnetic materials-by-design known as “Artificial Spin Ice.” These charges are analogs to electrical charges with possible applications in magnetic memories and devices. The research team's findings appear in the August 29 issue of the journal Nature.

Magnetic force microscope image of emergent domains of ordered magnetic charges in honeycomb artificial spin ice. The black and white dots in the image are the north and south magnetic poles of the nanomagnets.

The unique properties of spin ice materials have fascinated scientists since they were first discovered in the late 1990s in naturally occurring rare earth titanites. The material is aptly named: the highly complex ordering of nanoscale magnets in spin ice obey the same rules that determine the positional ordering of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in frozen water ice. Both have “spin”—degrees of freedom—with frustrated interactions that prevent complete freezing, even at absolute zero.

In 2006, an interdisciplinary team of physicists and materials scientists designed the first artificial spin ice, a two-dimensional array of magnetic nanoislands that are fabricated to interact in complex ways, depending on the chosen design of the array. The islands were lithographically printed onto a substrate, arranged in a square-lattice pattern, with the north and south poles of each nanomagnet meeting and interacting at their four-pronged vertices.

Now the same research team has developed a new annealing protocol that allows the artificial material’s full potential for highly complex magnetic interactions to be realized. The new protocol was applied to two artificial spin ice materials, one configured in a square-lattice pattern, the other in a hexagonal-honeycomb pattern with three-pronged vertices.

In the honeycomb pattern, where three magnetic poles intersect, a net charge of north or south is forced at each vertex. The magnetic “monopole charge” at each vertex influences the magnetic “charge” of the surrounding vertices. The team was able to image the crystalline structure of the magnetic charges using magnetic force microscopy.

“Nanomagnets are so small that their behavior becomes relatively simple. We can arrange the magnets in a particular lattice pattern—square or honeycomb—and they interact in a way that we can predict and control,” Schiffer expained. “The challenge—you have to get the nanomagnets to flip their north and south poles to show how they interact. It’s hard to force them to show the effects of interaction, since they get stuck in one particular arrangement.”

The research team’s new annealing protocol—heating the material to a high temperature where their magnetic polarity is suppressed (here, about 550 degrees Celsius)—allows the nanomagnets to flip their polarity and freely interact. As the material cools, the nanomagnets are ordered according to the interactions of their poles at the vertices.

The collective thermal behavior of the arrays is studied through statistical mechanics, a branch of fundamental physics. As theorized, the monopole charge of each vertex was found to contribute to the order of the entire system in a manner analogous to the interactions of electric charges at the atomic scale during water ice crystal growth.

Los Alamos National Laboratory staff scientist Cristiano Nisoli explained, “The emergence of magnetic monopoles in spin ice systems is a particular case of what physicists call fractionalization, or deconfinement of quasi-particles that together are seen as comprising the fundamental unit of the system, in this case the north and south poles of a nanomagnet. We have seen how arranging magnets in a honeycomb configuration allows for these charges to be sort of ‘stripped’ from the magnetic islands to which they belong and become relevant degrees of freedom.”

The ability to use the magnetic charges as degrees of freedom has implications for future technological applications.

“Magnetic technology generally concerns itself with manipulation of localized dipolar degrees of freedom,” Nisoli said. “The ability of building materials containing delocalized monopolar charges is very exciting with possible technological implications in data storage and computation.”

An advantage of artificial spin ice is that it can be designed in different topologies, and examined subsequently to see the effects of those topologies. That allows physicists to explore a wide range of possible behaviors that are not accessible in natural crystals.

“This work demonstrates a direction in condensed matter physics that is quite opposite to what has been done in the last sixty decades or so,” said Nisoli. “Instead of imagining an emergent theoretical description to model the behavior of a nature-given material and validating it indirectly, we engineer materials of desired emergent properties that can be visualized directly.”

The theoretical work for this research was performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory under Cristiano Nisoli and Gia-Wei Chern, and at Penn State University under Vincent Crespi and Paul Lammert. Synthesis of the magnetic materials and the high temperature treatment was performed at the University of Minnesota’s Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science under Chris Leighton. Magnetic measurements and lithography were performed at Penn State University and the University of Illinois’ Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory by graduate students Sheng Zhang and Ian Gilbert, under the direction of Peter Schiffer.

This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.

Citations

Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

  • APA

    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. (2019, February 11). Magnetic Charge Crystallization Directly Visualized in Artificial Spin Ice Material. AZoNano. Retrieved on December 09, 2024 from https://www.azonano.com/news.aspx?newsID=28136.

  • MLA

    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "Magnetic Charge Crystallization Directly Visualized in Artificial Spin Ice Material". AZoNano. 09 December 2024. <https://www.azonano.com/news.aspx?newsID=28136>.

  • Chicago

    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "Magnetic Charge Crystallization Directly Visualized in Artificial Spin Ice Material". AZoNano. https://www.azonano.com/news.aspx?newsID=28136. (accessed December 09, 2024).

  • Harvard

    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2019. Magnetic Charge Crystallization Directly Visualized in Artificial Spin Ice Material. AZoNano, viewed 09 December 2024, https://www.azonano.com/news.aspx?newsID=28136.

Tell Us What You Think

Do you have a review, update or anything you would like to add to this news story?

Leave your feedback
Your comment type
Submit

While we only use edited and approved content for Azthena answers, it may on occasions provide incorrect responses. Please confirm any data provided with the related suppliers or authors. We do not provide medical advice, if you search for medical information you must always consult a medical professional before acting on any information provided.

Your questions, but not your email details will be shared with OpenAI and retained for 30 days in accordance with their privacy principles.

Please do not ask questions that use sensitive or confidential information.

Read the full Terms & Conditions.